History of Management Thought

History of Management Thought The Hawthorne experiment remains one of the most debated and controversial studies conducted in the field of management thought that has received both praise and criticism at the same time (Wren and Bedeian 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Management Thought specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Much of the criticism regarding the study revolves around Elton Mayo, a researcher from Harvard Business School. The study was initiated by researchers from Western Electric and Harvard University and its main aim was to examine the impact of different environmental variables on the production of a group of workers at Western Electric Company (Gale 2004). The workers were divided into control group and test group. Variables were introduced to the test group while the controlled group worked under constant conditions. Pennock and Stoll, the engineers in charge of the experiment, first began manipulating the lightin g of the test group. The performance of test group increased with better lighting but the performance of the controlled group increased as well to which no changed were made in the lighting conditions (Gillespie 1988). The experimenters then reduced the lighting of the test group but this did not have any effect on the increasing productivity of both the groups even when the lighting was made so dim that it was becoming difficult to see (Gillespie 1988). The researchers concluded that the lighting had no significant effect on the performance of the workers and that psychology of the workers was the only factor influencing the result of the research (Zerega 2008). The main purpose of the experiment was to improve the overall experience of work of the employees to increase the productivity of the workers. The experiment, however, initially failed to do so and was unable to recognize factors that had any impact on the productivity of the workers. The conclusion made by the experimenter s, that there was a psychological factor involved in the motivation of the workers, came as a shock in the management thought because prior to this study it was believed economic interest was the only factor responsible for individual motivation. It was concluded that the reason why the productivity of the workers increased was because these women were given attention for the first time and they were trying to please the experimenters no matter what the working conditions were (Gillespie 1988).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After that a number of studies were conducted to study the behaviour of the workers and to discover how the workers can be motivated so maximise productivity. A number of factors came to the surface while these studies were conducted. The three findings of the Hawthorne studies which I would like to exploit as a manager would be the Mica-Split ting Test group (1928 – 1930), Plant-wide Interview program (1928 – 1931), and Bank Wiring Observation group (1931 – 1932) (Rice 2010). The Mica-Splitting test group was established after the researchers found that the performance of the workers improved when they were rewarded for their good performance (Rice 2010). The main purpose of this study was to find out whether the pay scale of the workers had any impact on the performance of the workers. The researchers introduced different variables to the work environment while they pay was kept constant. Researchers discovered that the performance of the workers increased by about 15 per cent (Brannigan and Zwerman 2001). The researchers established that factors other than pay have a significant effect on the performance of the workers and the social conditions played a very important role in the performance of the workers (Brannigan and Zwerman 2001). This study can be used by the management to discover other fact ors which increase the productivity of the workers without increasing their pay. The plant-wide interview program was conducted from 1928 to 1931. The Western Electric company wanted to avoid any possible conflict between their members and to achieve this, the personnel director of Western Electric said that â€Å"[The management] must really know what the employee thinks, what are the worker’s satisfactions and aspirations, andset up management policies that will synchronize with the worker’s viewpoint and compel thereby this cooperation† (Cohen 1990 pp.173). To achieve this, the researchers conducted plant-wide interviews of the employees to hear the problems of the workers and improve the worker-management relationship (Swanson 2006). The researchers discovered that attention paid to the employees by the supervisors had a positive effect on the work of the employees and increased their productivity (Swanson 2006). By using this technique, the overall producti vity of a company can be improved without causing any extra costs to the company. Another important finding of the Hawthorne experiments that I would like to use as a manager is that ofBank Wiring observation group conducted in 1931-32. Nine men were selected for the bank wiring observation group. They were being paid on the piecework incentive pay system, i.e. they were being paid according to the amount of work that they were doing and it was expected that the productivity of the workers would rise with time (Ornstein and Lunenburg 2008). Researchers found that the workers, instead of doing their best and trying to increase their productivity, established a group norm accepted by all the workers(Ornstein and Lunenburg 2008). They had established a â€Å"standard level of acceptable output† and any worker who produced more was called a â€Å"rate-buster† and persons who produced less than the standard output were called â€Å"chislers† (Ornstein and Lunenburg 2 008 pp.7).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Management Thought specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It was also observed that the raqte busters were being threatened by other workers to reduce their output while the chislers were encouraged to increase their productivity(Ornstein and Lunenburg 2008). This kind of trend should not be alloed in the working environment because this hinder the performance and abilities of the workers who are capable of doing better work. Elton Mayo used the term â€Å"pessimistic reverie† to explain the negative state of mind of the workers which decreased their productivity. Mayo believed that it was the job of the managers to educate workers about the importance of their role and to use positive and relative reveries to concentrate on their work (Mayo 1924). According to Mayo, anything which passed negative vibes was a pessimistic reverie, such as a person who walked awkw ardly across machines stretching was actually exhibiting physical fatigue which was intensified by the reveries (Trahair and Zaleznik 2009). He held the managers responsible for improving the employee’s experience of work and suggested rest breaks to minimize the pessimistic reveries. He was also concerned with the rootlessness of the workers which he called anomie (Whyte and Nocera 2002). Mayo believed that lack of societal norms, i.e. anomie, would lead to isolation which would decrease the motivation of the workers. Frederick Taylor (1856-1915) was one of the people who applied theories and scientific management to business in order to produce more value for the stakeholder (Farzaneh 2009). Taylor has written in his book the Principles of Scientific Management, about how the efficiency of the workers can be improved and how management can get rid of the inefficiency of worker by applying scientific principles and laws(Taylor 2008). The findings of Mayo and other researcher s are different from the findings of Taylor because the Hawthorne studies proved that factors the economic ones affected the productivity. These studies proved Taylor wrong and focused more on how the work experience of the employees could be made better instead of just focusing on increased value for the stakeholders by making the employees work more than they can making their work experience negative. The methods of the Hawthorne researchers were also different from those of Taylor. Where Taylor used scientific methods and principles, the Hawthorne researchers studied the psychology of the workers and observed their behavior and what influenced it.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The main contribution of the Hawthorne studies to the history of management thought is that it introduced a whole new dimension to the management techniques and proved that many factors influence the workers not just one as it was previously believed. Another important contribution of the Hawthorne studies is that it revealed that responding to the worries of the workers and paying attentions to their grievance can increase the productivity without any extra expense. It also helped recognize the environmental conditions affecting the productivity of the workers. All these important factors were not known before these studies, hence it is correct to say that the Hawthorne studies revolutionized the management thought it its own way and introduced new concepts. It also acknowledged the importance of the workers psychology in a company and how it can drastically effect the environment and output. List of References Brannigan, A. and Zwerman, W., 2001. The real Hawthornes effect. Societ y, pp.55-60. Cohen, L., 1990. Making a new deal: Industrial workers in Chicago. New York: Press Sundicate of the University of Cambridge. Farzaneh, A., 2009. Management, job satisfactin, and teamwork. Web. Gale, E.A.M., 2004. The Hawthorne studies- a fable for our times?. Oxford Journal Medicine, pp.439-49. Gillespie, R., 1988. The Hawthorne experiments and the politics of experimentation. The rise of experimentation in American psychology, pp.114-37. Mayo, E., 1924. The basis of industrial psychology. Bulletin of the Taylor Society, pp.249-59. Ornstein, A.C. and Lunenburg, F.C., 2008. Educational administration: concepts and practices. Belmont: Cengage Learning. Rice, B., 2010. The Hawthorne defect: Persistence of a flawed theory. Web. Swanson, K., 2006. The success of emplye to management relations at Western Electric Hawthorne plant. Web. Taylor, F.W., 2008. The principles of scientific management. London: Forgotten Book. Trahair, R.C.S. and Zaleznik, A., 2009. Elton Mayo: the hu manist temper. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. Whyte, W.H. and Nocera, J., 2002. The organization man. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Wren, D. and Bedeian, A., 2009. The evolution of management thought. John Wiley Sons. Zerega, Blaise. 2008. Art of knowledge management. InfoWorld, Vol. 20, No. 30, p. 61.

Genetics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Genetics - Assignment Example Explain: This the coding sequence at any place of the gene and depending on the genetic material that is translocated an entirely new protein will be coded. Missense, point mutation, deletion of 3 bases or nonsense mutation at the end has a less severe effect. As these are all point mutation hence have a smaller influence on the entire structure of the protein. Explain: Cro- Magnon is also referred to as Homo sapien inhabited the earth approximately 10Â  000 to 40Â  000 years ago. This species lived in coexistence with the Neandethals in the Middle East and Europe for many years. The Neanderthal is assumed to have become extinct approximately 33Â  000 years ago. Australopithecus had already faced extinction by the time the Neanderthals came into existence. In addition, since Australopethicus had already become extinct it cannot coexist with homo erectus in the above mentioned time frame. Explain: Sickle cell anaemia is disorder that results from a monogenous disorder that leads to heterogenous clinical presentations. However, the disorder can be considered epistatic due to the fact that the phenotype of the disorder can be influenced by epistatic modifier genes Telomeres have repeated sequences and are located on the endings of each of the chromatids. They serve a protective role at these ends either from deterioration or fusing with the neighbouring chromosomes. In the process of cell division there is degradation of the telomeres which means that the repeated sequences are necessary to ensure that even after this process, there are still other sequences to protect remaining genes. In the Avery MacLeod and MacCathy experiment there were more possibilities and several techniques were utilized attempt to retrieve organic compounds and assess how the inheritance too place. These techniques were not yet present during the Griffith experiment. Griffith utilized heat in his experiment and live strains which

Creating a plan for a proposed change to resolve issue in information Research Proposal

Creating a plan for a proposed change to resolve issue in information technology in health care - Research Proposal Example Proposed Change in Home Care Agency My recommendation is to introduce Electronic health information systems (EHIS) or Electronic Health Record (EHR) also called computerized patient record with standardized assessment data (like Outcome and Assessment Information Set [OASIS] and RAI-Home Care) to the Home Care Agency. It keeps an organized set of electronic health information of individuals in Home Care Agency. It keeps individuals’ medical history in digital format and this information can be shared within several health care settings. This record includes information about Demographics therapeutic history prescriptions allergies immunization condition Results of laboratory tests X- Rays Signs or sysmptoms of diseases Personal information like age or height Information about billing etc This will provide an electronic evidence of an individual’s general health record or medical history which is produced after one or more visits to Home Care Agency. The EHR will automat ically update the patient’s record. ... ontainer that holds all necessary details about a person in home care, also as an instrument that collects medical history for secondary use (like repeat prescription or payment etc). (Greenhalgh T, Potts HWW, Wong G, Bark P, Swinglehurst, 2009) Some other researchers see EHIS as a a socio-technical structure. Like, actor-network theory defines EHIS as an instrument in a set of connections Whereas, according to computer supported cooperative work or CSCW, EHIS is an instrument that assist in performing a specific task. Moreover, some researchers after reviewing its advantages defined EHIS as an essential tool for human history. (Baek and Robson, 2009). Up till now, the utilization of EHR in home care agencies has attained limited investigation and policy consideration. Moreover, despite the enormous development of the medical technologies, diffusion of EHR usage within home care agencies is not yet common Organizational and individual barriers to the proposed change The personal care nature of the industry, high costs of technology, limited health-care specific software, and low-budget operations have all been cited as factors in the limited usage of IT within Home Care Agency (Blau, 340). Another issue is Time factor, as majority of medical staffs and doctors do not show enthusiasm in learning a new system. Some of them have a perception that application of EHIS decreases medical productivity. Cost of EHIS is a major factor; other factors also include unresponsiveness towards its teaching, and insufficient acceptance of its users and staff resistance. Organizational Readiness for the proposed Changes There is need for a movement towards more effective IT adoptation within the health care industry that will address work flow issues, accessibility of information,

Thermodynamics Field Can Contribute Our Daily Life Philosophy Essay

Thermodynamics Field Can Contribute Our Daily Life Philosophy Essay The research report will describe that what is thermodynamics. What are the advantage of thermodynamics. How thermodynamics will make our life easy. The research report will show different branches of thermodynamics and how it works. The report will also highlight some histories of thermodynamics .On the other hand, there are some analysis and facts relating with our daily life easier and more efficient. Justification The main reason for choosing this report is because Im interested in the thermodynamics, which is our daily exposure. I also want to specify my study in thermodynamics, which is major branch of my study which in mechanical engineering. Nowadays, thermodynamics technology are using everywhere and they make our life more convenient. So, I want to do research how thermodynamics works and how they contribute to our daily life. 1.0 Introduction Boiling water is hot. Ice is cold. The diversity between hot and cold is detected naturally ability to sense heat and its opposite. We measure heat with a thermometer and we assign it a temperature. Dictionary definition of hot and cold relate those sensation to our normal body temperature. Warm things have temperatures above our body temperature, and cold things have temperatures below our body temperature. In this way, humans are able to compare the temperatures of things and get a subjective sense of hotness or coldness. In one sense heat is a sensation in the mind. But we know that some physical process is causing our nerves to be stimulated in this way. What is happening in nature that causes us to feel these sensation of hot and cold? It isnt only human beings who respond to heat flow and changes in temperature. Heat affects all material objects and the environment as well. Temperature determines whether most substances exist in a solid. Liquid. Or gaseous state, Heating and cooling, if it changes the temperature of a substance enough, can change the state of matter. SO basic is the phenomenon of temperature that physicist consider it a fundamental property of matter. Along with volume mass, electric charge, and time. The word thermodynamics consist of thermo, meaning heat, and dynamics, which refers to movement or change. In this broadest sense, thermodynamics is about heat and how heat moves and changes. The fact that heat move at all was itself a discovery of considerable importance. Its not at all obvious. You light a campfire and it warms you. It has heat. The fire goes out, and heat seems to disappear. Common experience will not tell you that none of that heat has really disappeared. Heat is a form of energy and energy can b neither created nor destroyed. That, as you will learn, is one of the most important of the laws of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics is really all about the study of thermal energy and how it behaves. Over time, Scientists and engineers learned that heat energy is related to work. The classic example is the steam engine, in which heat energy is used to boil water, creating steam to push a piston attached to a rotary shaft. The shaft can then be used to turn a train wheels or a ships propeller of the machines in a factory. In this process heat energy is converted into a mechanical energy, Understanding what heat and temperature are and how energy is transformed into different forms in essential to understanding the modern industrial world and how we get thing done. As we shall see, much of our theoretical understanding of thermodynamics did not come about until people could examine the functioning of real machines like the steam engine. 2.0 History of thermodynamics The ancient Greeks believe that the world is built up of four basic elements: water, air, earth, and fire. However they did not understand the true nature of heat, the ancient Greeks learned to use it to operate simple mechanical devices. Little is known of the life of Hero of Alexandria. He wrote treatises on working with the simple machines, like the lever, the pulley, the wedge, the wheel, the gear, and the screw. He described a primitive steam engine called an aeolipile. It consisted of a reservoir of boiling water connected by a tube to a large, hollow sphere with open, bent tubes coming out of it. The sphere was attached to a gimbal so that it could rotate. Heated steam entering the hollow sphere caused it to spin as it blew the steam out of the bent tubes. The aeolipile was the first device known to transform heat into ratery motion in effect, Heros device was the first steam turbine The history of thermodynamics started with G.Galilel(1597) who introduced the theory of temperature and he also invented one of the first thermometers. It was G. Black (1770) who was the first to use the term Thermodynamics. In 1772 G. Wilke introduced the unit of measuring the a mount of heat a Calorie. It was W. Tompson (1859) who introduced term thermodynamics into conventional use. In the 20th century, thermodynamics became a basic independent division of Theoretical Physics dealing with the study of general properties of physical systems under equilibrium, as well as common regularities taking place with attaining equilibrium. Thermodynamics is divided into phenomenological and statistical thermodynamics 3.0What is thermodynamics? Thermodynamics is a division of natural science related with heat, energy and work it defines macroscopic variables that show material and radiation and explains how they are related and by what law. Thermodynamics shows the average behavior of , large numbers of small divisions. 3.1Braches of thermodynamics 3.1.1 Classical Thermodynamics Classical thermodynamics shows the changes of thermodynamic in terms, either of their time-balanced equilibrium states, or else of their continually repeated like clockwork processes, but, formally, not both in the same account. It uses only time-balanced, or equilibrium, small quantities that can measure in the laboratory, counting as time-consistence a long-term time-average of a quantity, such as a flow, achieved by a continuously repetitive process. Classical thermodynamics does not accept change over time as a central circumstance in its account of processes. An equilibrium state stands constantly without change over time, while a continuously repeated cyclic process runs repeatedly without change over time. In the classical field closely and purely in terms of cyclic action, the best internal of the working body of a cyclic process is not considered; the working body thus does not have a characterized interior thermodynamic state of its own because no expectation is made that it should be in thermodynamic stability; only its inputs and outputs of energy as heat and work are considered. It is of course possible, and absolutely common, for the result in terms of equilibrium states of a system to show cycles composed of indefinitely many equilibrium states. 3.1.2 Statistical Thermodynamics Statistical Thermodynamics, also called statistical mechanics, appeared with the development of atomic and molecular approaches in the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century. It shows an explanation of classical thermodynamics. It considers the microscopic cooperation between individual particles and their combined motions, in terms of classical or of quantum mechanics. Its explanation is in terms of data that rest on the fact the system is built of several species of particles or collective motions, the branches of each species individually being in some sense all alike. 3.1.3Laws of Thermodynamics The laws of thermodynamics are different from others. Therere altogether four of them. Theyre arranged from zero to four. Not because they are arranged by discovery in order but because they are numbered some especially. The second law is different from others and therere no effect on others. It has different formulas. The first law describe the quantity of internal energy of a system, which was found from kinetic energy and from its potential energy which relates to its surroundings. The first law describe the transferring of heat between closed system as work. The second law include two theories which is known as temperature and entropy. Entropy shows the limit which is known as irreversibility from the beginning, on the work that can reach to an external system by thermodynamics process. The effects of temperature, which halfway showed by the zeroth law, which has quantities in the direction of energy flow as heat between two system in thermal connection and which is known as comm on sense of hot and cold 3.2.1.Zeroth Law If the object A is thermally equal with object B, and B is thermally equal with C. So, the object A is thermally equal with object C. This is more a matter of relationship than of physics. If they have the same temperature, the two objects are thermally equal. If object A and object B has the same temperature, and the object B and C have the same temperature, then both A object and B object have the same temperature. The most important thing in Zeroth Law is that, when a hot and cold object are place in contact together, the thermal energy will flow from hotter to the colder object until their thermal energy will remain equilibrium. 3.2.2.First Law Lets consider the first law as an isolated system. That means heat and energy can neither leave or enter the circle. Such system does not done any work. But we can imagine it with a certain energy inside it, namely U, which depends on the kinetic of the molecular system and also the systems temperature. The internal energy is the same with potential energy because it has a property that does not work. But it still has the potential to do work. The first law describes that the internal energy of the system increases if heat is added to a system. The first law can just show another way of the laws of conservation of energy. As heat and work are another form of energy, if they go outside of the system, it will affect the internal energy of the system 3.2.3.Second Law The Second law is popular for its formulation of entropy. Entropy is a technical term for talking about confusion which is found in the 19th century. The same theory let us know that heat energy automatically flow cold from hot and theyre not flowing in the opposite direction. This also remind us that if the ordered system can turn easily into disordered system, But disordered system cannot turn easily into the ordered system themselves easily.3.2.4.Third Law The third law of thermodynamics states that if an object reaches the absolute zero absolute zero of temperature (-273C), its atoms will stop moving. 4.0How Thermodynamics Works? 4.0.1.Refrigerator In refrigerator, the cycle is continuous. In the following example, we will show that the refrigerator use pure ammonia to keep it cool, which boils at -27 degrees F. This is what happens to keep the refrigerator cool: The  compressor  compresses the ammonia gas and the compressed gas heats up as it is pressurized . The  coils  on the back of the refrigerator let the hot ammonia gas take its heat. When it reaches high pressure, the ammonia gas condenses into ammonia liquid at high pressure. The high pressured ammonia liquid flows through the  expansion valve. Theres an expansion valve with a small hole. On one side of the hole is high pressured ammonia liquid and the other side of the hole is a low-pressure area it is because the compressor is sucking gas out of that side. The liquid ammonia boils immediately and vaporizes. Its temperature dropping to -27 F. This makes the inside of the refrigerator cold. The cold ammonia gas is sucked up by the  compressor, and the repeats the circle. 4.0.2 Air Conditioner Still, the major parts of an air conditioner manage to freeze and move air in two directions: indoors and outside: Evaporator receives the liquid refrigerant Condenser which act as facilitates heat transfer Expansion valve which regulates refrigerant flow into the evaporator Compressor which is a pump that pressurizes refrigerant The cold side of an air conditioner contains and a fan that blows air over the freezed coils and into the room and the evaporator. The hot side contains the compressor, condenser and another fan to release hot air coming off the compressed cool to the outdoors. In between the two sets of coils, theres a expansion valve. It regulates the amount of compressed liquid moving into the evaporator. Once in the evaporator, the refrigerant experiences a pressure drop, expands and changes back into a gas. The compressor is a large electric pump that gives pressure the refrigerant gas as part of the process of turning it back into a liquid. 4.0.3 Microwave Oven Microwave oven uses microwaves to heat food. Microwaves are a type of wave that are between radio waves and infrared radiation on the electromagnetic circle. For the process of microwave ovens, the commonly used wave frequency is about 2,450 megahertz (2.45 gigahertz).Waves in this frequency range have an interesting effects. Theyre absorbed by water, fats and sugars. Once absorbed, theyre converted directly into atomic motion, heat. These waves have another interesting property too: Theyre not absorbed by most plastics, glass or ceramics. 5.0Advantages of using Thermodynamics The devices as shown above each of them have Advantages. By using refrigerator we can keep perishable food, such as, vegetables and milk for much longer periods. Refrigerators also have a freezing part that will keep frozen foods and make ice to use in beverages By using Air Conditioner, its more comfortable and we can adjust the indoor temperature. In extreme heat, air- conditioning can be a life saver, improves the air quality and most air conditioner also reduce the humidity level, which helps both comfort. For Microwave oven, it can cook many food about 1/4th of the time necessary on a gas burner. It saves time in heating frozen foods. Food gets cooked uniformly. 6.0 Disadvantages of using Thermodynamics Thermodynamics not only have advantages but also have disadvantages. By using refrigerator it costs a lot of electricity to run. They are also environmentally unfriendly the refrigerator also contain refrigerant that can be damaging to the environment because of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) content. This material is suspected to be the cause of reduction of earths ozone layer. When we frequently use the air conditioner, the air conditioning disease will occur. It is characterized by fatigue weakness, cough or fever and so on. Air conditioners energy consumption is considerable. It will consume a lot of energy. It also release CFC, which is environmentally unfriendly. Microwaves can cook food in very short period. Due to short period of cooking, food does not become brown unless the microwave has a browning unit. Sometimes unwanted chemicals migrate to food from plastic cook ware or food packages. The short cooking time may not give a chance of blending of flavours as in conventional methods. 7.0Recommendation As a result of the research carried out, it appears to be necessary to understand all the field of thermodynamics. Future technologies are requiring new materials with unusual effects that will either be prepared by high-temperature techniques. One of the important thing that can affect the pollution to the environment easily are the new devices. Equipment using volatile fluids that can harm to the stratosphere and destroy the ozone will have to be replaced. Devices that emit sulfur oxides will have to be modified to reduce sulfur emission to very low values. The ability of solar energy used devices will have to be improved and nuclear power plants will have to be designed to make less serious accidents. So that energy production by combustion to carbon dioxide is greatly reduced. 8.0 Conclusion The research report has taken information from various sources to understand what is thermodynamics; what are laws of thermodynamics; how they works; and how they make our life easier? It shows that thermodynamics used devices are very convenient to use. If there were no thermodynamics devices in this world it would be many difficulties to pass a day. By improving the uses and devices of thermodynamics, they can make our life more convenient and can reduce the environmental reduce the environmental side effects.

Solar Energy Essay -- A Level Essays

Solar Energy ~Some history, types, and facts~ In this modern fast paced world that we live in, there are many issues that are looked over, energy is one of these. As a world, we are dependant on dwindling fossil fuel supplies and take for granted electricity, oil, and gas. There are four completely renewable sources of energy around us that should be used and developed, they are: wind, growing plants, flowing water, and the sun. These sources of energy are the ones we should be tapping, because they are reliable and renewable. Harnessing the suns energy is the most certain and ultimate energy source. Looking at a brief history and some facts about solar energy, a glimpse of the future can be seen, a future not dependant on fossil fuels. Using the sun for its heat and energy is not a new idea. It has been around for thousands of years. The first record of sun being utilized for energy and heat dates back to 400 BC. The Greeks designed their buildings and oriented their houses to utilize the sun during the winter and obscuring its hot rays during the summer. The Romans then continued on with harnessing the suns energy by developing window glass that allows the sunlight to come in, but traps solar heat. The Romans even put the sun in their legal system as to make sure that every house had so much access to the sun. The first solar water heaters came into play in the 18th century. A French-Swiss scientist in Maryland did an experiment to see how much heat window glass would actually trap. By building a box and putting different glass tops on it, he learned he could reach the boiling point inside the box. Another person developed this idea and decided to put tanks of water into them, and sure enough that w... ... on the fuel supplies and political alliances that are very uncertain. From the history of solar energy, and the present developments, having your own solar power is very attainable for everyday life. Bibliography Facts Regarding Solar Energy. http://www.solar.org.uk/ecoshop/pages/seido1.htm. 2002 Fossil Fuel Consumption. http://zebu.uoregon.edu/1999/ph161/l10.html History of Solar Energy. http://www.solarenergy.com/info_history.html. History of Solar Energy, Revisiting Solar Power’s Past. http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/earth/stories/s225110.htm. Charles Smith. 1995. How Stuff Works. http://people.howstuffworks.com/hydrogen-economy1.htm Komp, Richard J. Practical photovoltaics, electricity from solar cells. 3rd edition. aatec. 1995. Solar Energy Basics. http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/solar.html. U.S. Department of Energy.2003.

Marvel Corporate Stucture

The Walt Disney Company acquired Marvel Entertainment, Inc. at a price of $4. 24 billion, on December 31, 2009. Since then Marvel Entertainment has been run as a limited liability company under the Walt Disney Company. Isaac Perlmutter CEO of Marvel Entertainment continued to retain his position after the Disney purchase and he now â€Å"oversee Marvel properties and will work with Disney's corporate branch to integrate Marvel's properties under the Disney umbrella. (w1) â€Å"Disney is the perfect home for Marvel's fantastic library of characters given its proven ability to expand content creation and licensing businesses,† said Perlmutter. â€Å"This is an unparalleled opportunity for Marvel to build upon its vibrant brand and character properties by accessing Disney's tremendous global organization and infrastructure around the world. â€Å"(w1) Corporate structure at marvel Entertainment is further divided base on the company’s operating divisions and subsidiarie s.The three divisions part of Marvel Entertainment are Marvel Toys, Marvel Television, and Spider-man Merchandising, L. P. Marvel Toys, the toy division of Marvel Entertainment is run by Isaac Perlmutter. Marvel Television launched in 2010 is run by Jeph Loeb. And Spider-man Merchandising, L. P is â€Å"a joint venture of Marvel and Sony Pictures Consumer Products Inc, which owns the rights to Spider-Man movie related licensed products. †(w2) Much of the media content that comes from Marvel Entertainment is produced under several different subsidiaries. ? Marvel Entertainment International Limited Marvel Film Productions LLC ? Marvel Internet Productions LLC ? Marvel Property, Inc. ? Marvel Toys Limited ? MRV, Inc. ? MVL Development LLC ? MVL International C. V. intellectual property holding companies ? Marvel Characters, Inc. ? Marvel Characters B. V. ? Marvel International Character Holdings LLC ? Marvel Publishing, Inc. ? Marvel Studios ? MVL Film Finance LLC ? Marvel Anim ation B. Corporate Culture Since new came out about Disney’s acquisition of Marvel Entertainment many critics said it would have an enormous effect on the culture at marvel.Several of these early reports were due to the fact of contrast between Marvel’s dark villains and heroes, and Disney’s more kid friendly characters. Manny people feared that the parent company Disney would try to change many of Marvel’s franchise characters, and viewed this change in corporate culture as a weakness to the future of Marvel Entertainment. However they way Marvel and Disney operate as a business is not very different from one another. In comparing Marvel’s previous mission statement to Disney one can see that there is not much reasoning as to why this acquisition would be a weakness to Marvel.Marvel’s previous mission statement: â€Å"Marvel's operations are focused on utilizing its character franchises in licensing, entertainment, publishing and toys. Are as of emphasis include feature films, DVD/home video, consumer products, video games, action figures and role-playing toys, television and promotions. Rooted in the creative success of over sixty years of comic book publishing, Marvel's strategy is to leverage its character franchises in a growing array of opportunities around the world. †(w3) Disney’s Mission statement: The mission of The Walt Disney Company is to be one of the world's leading producers and providers of entertainment and information. Using our portfolio of brands to differentiate our content, services and consumer products, we seek to develop the most creative, innovative and profitable entertainment experiences and related products in the world. † (w4) Moreover Bob Iger, president and CEO of Disney has said â€Å"Marvel brings added value to Disney, but [they] are allowed to retain their unique culture. † (w5) Using the Disney acquisition of Pixar in 2006, Iger has been true to his word i n allowing acquired companies to continue to work under their own corporate culture.W1 http://www. lifthill. com/news/disney-to-purchase-marvel-entertainment/W2 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Marvel_EntertainmentW3 http://rochester. iweb. bsu. edu/profile. htmlW4 http://retailindustry. about. com/od/retailbestpractices/ig/Company-Mission-Statements/Walt-Disney-Mission-Statement. htmW5 http://micechat. com/forums/news/138873-iger-disney-innovated-pixar-marvel. html

Development of Education in Kenya - 5449 Words

1.0 INTRODUCTION 2 1.1 Definition of terms 3 1.2 Background information 4 1.2.1 Pre-colonial education 4 1.2.2 Post colonial education in Kenya (Neocolonialism) 4 1.3 National Aims/Goals of Education in Kenya 6 1.4 Structure of education 6 1.4.1 Early Childhood Development and Education 7 1.4.2 Primary education 8 1.4.3 Secondary education 9 1.4.4 Teacher Education 9 1.4.5 Tertiary Education 10 1.4.6 University education 11 1.5 Administration system 11 1.5.1 Permanent secretary 11 1.5.2 Finance and administration Division 12 1.5.3 Directorate of Education 12 1.5.4 Field Service Education Officers 13 2.0 CHALLENGES FACING THE FORMAL EDUCATION IN KENYA 14 2.1 Recommendations to the†¦show more content†¦During that time education in Africa, Kenyan included was stratified on racial lines in matters of system structure, curricula and resources. For example, the Europeans system had an upper hand resource, its curriculum was based on British traditions, Arabs and Asians system came second. Africans prepared youths to work on Europeans farms. 1.2.2 Post colonial education in Kenya (Neocolonialism) Sifuna and Otiende (1992) noted that racial segregation was abolished in 1960 as the country moved closer to independence. With the attainment of independence on 12th December, 1963;- a ministry of education was created. The school system in Kenya was brought under a localized standard curriculum and public examinations. Since independence, the Government has addressed challenges facing the education sector through Commissions, Committees and Taskforces. The first Commission, after independence, came up with the Report of the Kenya Education Commission (The Ominde Report, 1964) that sought to reform the education system inherited from the colonial government to make it more responsive to the needs of independent Kenya. The Commission proposed an education system that would foster national unity and the creation of sufficient human capital for national development. Sessional Paper No: 10 of 1965 on African Socialism and its Application to Planning in Kenya formally adopted the OmindeShow MoreRelatedKeny Economic Engine And Key Driver Of Strength1136 Words   |  5 Pages Kenya is one of the top economic engine and key driver of strength in Eastern Africa. Its strong private division and business services contribute greatly to the growth in the region. Kenya is home to some of the most fascinating natural wonders and people in the world. Kenya is reflected as a wealthy and culturally diversed country. Although Kenya’s economic climate is progressively improvising, their education and the increase in population growth has cause major problems for Kenyans whichRead MoreA Brief Note On Kenya s School System949 Words   |  4 Pages Kenya’s school systems were in amazed because the government didn’t expand or add on any classrooms to any school. 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